Method of effecting a signal readout on a gas-sensitive field-effect transistor

ABSTRACT

Method of effecting a readout of a gas-sensitive field-effect transistor having an air gap between a gate electrode with a gas-sensitive layer and the readout transistor, in which a potential occurring on the gas-sensitive layer in the presence of a target gas is passed through a noncontacting floating gate electrode to the transistor, wherein the potential of a reference electrode, which together with the floating gate electrode generates a capacitance C w , is tracked to the potential of the floating gate electrode in order to eliminate the capacitance C w  during the measurement.

DESCRIPTION

Method of Effecting a Signal Readout on a Gas-Sensitive Field-Effect Transistor

The invention relates to a method of effecting an improved signal readout on field-effect transistors which are provided with a gas-sensitive layer. The objective is to minimize the interference effects to which signal levels are subjected during the readout of a sensitive layer based on the principle of the change in the work function as read out by field-effect transistors.

Gas sensors that utilize the change in work function of sensitive materials as the physical parameter have a fundamental development potential. The reasons for this relate to their advantages which are reflected in their low operating power, inexpensive fabrication and design technology, as well as the wide range of target gases. The latter can be detected with this platform technology since numerous different detection substances can be integrated in these designs.

FIG. 5 illustrates the sensor design based on the principle of a so-called suspended-gate field-effect transistor (SGFET). The bottom of the gate electrode, which is raised in this design, has the sensitive layer on which an electrical potential is generated in response to the presence of the gas to be detected based on absorption, which potential corresponds to a change in the work function of the sensitive material. As a rule, the signals have a level between 50 and 100 mV. This potential acts on the channel of the FET structure, thereby changing the current between the source and the drain (I_(DS)) The coupling of this potential to the source-drain current is as a function of the gate capacitance C and of the ratios of channel width to channel length W/L: $\begin{matrix} {I_{DS} \propto {\frac{W}{L} \cdot {c\left( {c\text{:}\quad{area}\text{-}{specific}\quad{gate}\quad{capacitance}\quad{in}\quad F\text{/}m^{2}} \right)}}} & \lbrack 1\rbrack \end{matrix}$ (c: area-specific gate capacitance in F/m₂)[1]

The changed source-drain current is read out directly. Alternatively, the change in the source-drain current is reset by applying an additional voltage to the raised gate or to the transistor well. The additional voltage required represents the readout signal which is directly correlated with the work function change in the sensitive layer.

The SGFET has limitations in regard to the attainable signal quality due to the geometry required by the dimensioning of the FET structure. The available surface for coupling is limited by the process-technology-determined parameter W/L. Also related to the above factors, the signal quality is significantly affected by the introduction of the air gap between the gate and channel regions and the concomitant reduction of the gate capacitance. The height of the air gap must allow for sufficiently rapid diffusion of the gas and is in the range of a few μm.

Use of the CCFET (capacitively controlled FET) design shown in FIG. 6 largely eliminates the limitations associated with the FGFET by providing a more flexible dimensionability. As a result, significant optimization is enabled in regard to signal quality. In the CCFET, the readout transistor 5, shown as source S and drain D, is controlled by a noncontacted gate (floating gate). Together with the opposing gate electrode which has the gas-sensitive layer, the noncontacted gate forms a capacitor arrangement. The surface of the capacitor arrangement is independent of the readout transistor and can thus be enlarged, thereby producing improved signal coupling.

However, the fact that parasitic capacitances are present between the floating gate 2 and the substrate 6 or capacitance well 3 does have a disadvantageous effect even with the CCFET.

If the direct capacitances present in a gas-sensitive field-effect transistor are shown graphically in equivalent circuits, the diagrams of FIGS. 7 and 8 can be drawn up for the SGFET and CCFET variants. In FIG. 7, the SGFET clearly has a structure which is composed of a series connection of individual capacitances of air gap C_(L) and those of the readout transistor C_(G). C_(SGFET)=C_(L)·C_(G)/(C_(L)+C_(G)).

For a given sensitive layer and a given transistor, the air gap height is thus the single variable. In this case, no improvement of the signal coupling is possible by using an appropriate electrical control. A CCFET structure, for which a capacitive functional diagram is illustrated in FIG. 6, contains an additional electrode, the so-called capacitance well 3 located below the floating gate 2. As a result, the potential at the floating gate is determined by an expanded capacitive voltage divider which is formed from the air gap capacitance C_(L), the capacitance of the gate C_(G), and the capacitance occurring between the floating gate and that due to the capacitance well, as is evident in FIG. 8. By enlarging the area forming capacitance C_(L), it is possible to reduce the effect of the parasitic gate capacitance while maintaining the air gap height. The gate capacitance of the readout transistor is—especially given appropriate dimensioning—negligible with good approximation relative to other capacitances. The capacitance well is used to shield the floating gate electrode and is accordingly connected to ground. Assuming the above preconditions, the potential at the floating gate U_(UF) is: ΔU _(FG)=ΔΦ_(S) ·C _(L)·(C _(L) +C _(W) +C _(G))/(C _(G) +C _(W))[2 ] The changes in the U_(FG) are converted through the transistor characteristic directly into changes in the source-drain current I_(DS) and in response to a given ΔΦ_(S) are a direct measure of the signal obtained with the gas sensor. Based on the introduction of an air gap with a height of a few μm, the result is: C _(L) <<C _(G) +C _(W)[3]

The result up to this point is a significant loss of signal.

The two variants according to the equivalent circuits of FIGS. 7 and 8 function by coupling the gas signal to the source-drain current I_(DS), used as an example of the measured quantity. The signal is degraded, however, due to the capacitances present. With the SGFET, this factor can be counteracted by increasing the W/L, and additionally in the CCFET by increasing the surface of the readout capacitance, such that in the limiting case a very large area is obtained whereby C_(G)<<C_(W).

Using parameters possible in a standard CMOS process, in the CCFET a weakening of the signal on the order of 1:10 to 1:100 caused by the capacitive voltage divider must be expected with the operating method described above.

The goal of the invention is to provide a method for reading out a gas-sensitive field-effect transistor which largely eliminates interference effects. The solution to this problem is achieved through the combination of features indicated in claim 1. Advantageous embodiments may be found in the subordinate claims.

The invention is based on the knowledge that the circuitry of a CCFET in which a reference electrode/capacitance well is provided must be implemented, when reading out the work function change in gas-sensitive layers, such that by using appropriate switching measures, such as the tracking the potentials of certain electrodes, parasitic effects of capacitances contained in the design can be reduced. This has a direct effect on the coupling of the signal of the gas-sensitive layer to the current I_(DRAIN/SOURCE), and thus effects an amplification of the signal of the gas sensor by one to two orders of magnitude.

The effect of adapting or tracking the noncontacting floating gate electrode and the reference electrode to the same potential is that parasitic capacitances, such as, for example, capacitance C_(W) between the floating gate electrode and the reference electrode no longer have any effect, so that ideally the following situation results based on equation [2]: $\begin{matrix} {{\Delta\quad U_{FG}} = {{\Delta\Phi}_{S} \cdot {C_{L}/{\left( C_{G} \right)\quad\lbrack 5\rbrack}}}} & {\operatorname{>>}\quad{{\Delta\Phi}_{S} \cdot {C_{L}/\left( {C_{G} + C_{W}} \right)}}} & {{{in}\quad{analogy}\quad{{to}\quad\lbrack 2\rbrack}}\quad} \\ \quad & {\operatorname{>>}\quad{{\Delta\Phi}_{S} \cdot {C_{L}/\left( C_{W} \right)}}} & {{in}\quad{analogy}\quad{{to}\quad\lbrack 4\rbrack}} \end{matrix}$

The following discussion explains the invention based on schematic exemplary embodiments which do not restrict the scope of the invention.

FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of a CCFET with capacitive coupling to floating gate 2;

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating the tracking of reference electrode/capacitance well 3 when used, capacitively decoupled, amplified, and for tracking the reference electrode.

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating tracking of a reference electrode, wherein a signal potential-correlated with the floating gate can be generated through an additional electrode, in particular, in the air gap.

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram illustrating the tracking of the reference electrode through the output signal of the readout transistor;

FIGS. 5 and 6 are schematic diagrams showing the design of a gas-sensitive field-effect transistor, a CCFET being illustrated in FIG. 6;

FIGS. 7 and 8 are equivalent circuit diagrams for FIGS. 5 or 6;

FIG. 9 shows an embodiment of the invention for decoupling the potential of the floating gate electrode, in this case implemented by an annular electrode surrounding the floating gate.

In a CCFET structure, for example that of FIG. 6, an appropriate reference electrode, generally called a capacitance well, is contained in the structure. This electrode is located below noncontacting floating gate electrode 2. As a result, the potential at the floating gate is determined by an extended capacitive voltage divider which is formed from the air gap capacitance C_(L), the capacitance of the gate or gate electrode 9, and the capacitance occurring between the floating gate electrode 2 and the reference electrode 3. Reference electrode 3 essentially serves to define the potential of floating gate electrode 2, which action occurs as a result of the difference between the potentials of the gate electrode and the reference electrode. A change in the potential at the reference electrode/FG results as defined by equation [2].

Based on FIGS. 7 and 8, FIG. 7 being the equivalent circuit diagram of an SGFET and FIG. 8 being the equivalent circuit diagram of a CCFET, FIGS. 2, 3 and 4, as well as FIG. 1, illustrate variants of the invention. It is evident from the prior art reproduced in FIGS. 5 through 7 that, according to FIGS. 5 and 7, no additional parasitic effects influenceable by additional electrodes are produced between the gas-sensitive layer 1 and the channel of the field-effect transistor. Only the capacitances of air gap C_(L) and gate C_(G) are present. Based on the diagrams for a CCFET in FIGS. 6 and 8, it is evident that additional capacitance is present in the design due to the reference electrode/capacitance well 3, which capacitance may under certain circumstances have parasitic effects. Capacitance C_(W) is formed between floating gate 2 and reference electrode 3.

Due to the tracking of the potential of reference electrode 3, the parasitic effect of capacitance C_(W), and under certain circumstances the effect of the substrate as well which is generally composed of silicon, are eliminated. The result is an improvement in the coupling of the gas signal to the channel region of the transistor, and thus a gain in the gas sensor signal by several orders of magnitude.

The three possible variants for implementing the method according to the invention are shown in FIGS. 2, 3, and 4, as well as in FIG. 1. Fundamentally, the potential of the reference electrode/floating gate electrode 2 is decoupled and utilized in electrically decoupled form in order to control reference electrode/capacitance well 3. As a result, losses due to parasitic capacitances are compensated, wherein an intermediate gain by an amplifier 4, which in particular has a high input resistance and thus functions as an isolation amplifier, and a corresponding switching circuit are controlled. The goal is the tracking of the potential of the reference electrode to the potential of the noncontacting floating gate electrode.

According to equation [5], the tracking of the voltage U_(W) at reference electrode 3 can be effected whereby the potential U_(FG) at floating gate electrode 2 is capacitatively decoupled, then applied in electrically decoupled form to the reference electrode.

This decoupling of potential U_(FG) can be effected capacitively directly from floating gate electrode 2. Alternatively, an additional electrode, for example, one incorporated in the air gap, can serve as the control electrode, wherein the differences between potentials U_(FG) and U_(W) are compensated through the gain of the circuit. As a result, the dimensioning of the control electrode 11 is not strongly tied to the design of the floating gate electrode.

FIG. 4 shows another approach to achieving the tracking of the potential UW within the gas-sensitive field-effect transistor. For thus purpose, reference electrode 3 is reached through the amplified output signal of the sensor or of the readout transistor. For this purpose, the potential of floating gate electrode 2 is connected directly to the readout transistor, and the output signal thereof is in turn connected to amplifier 4. The amplified signal is supplied to reference electrode 3.

The advantages of the invention provide overall high signal qualities from the gas-sensitive field-effect transistors, wherein interference effects such as signal drift or noise are suppressed due to improved coupling of the work function generated at the gas-sensitive layer to the transistor current employed as the measured quantity. In addition, the increase in the amplitude of the measurement signal brings about a significant improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio. Due to the improved sensor signals, the required evaluation electronics can be designed in a more cost-effective manner.

FIG. 1 shows one possible variant of an embodiment with capacitive coupling to the floating gate electrode. The signal of the control electrode 11 is applied to amplifier 4, the output signal of which in turn can be supplied to reference electrode 3.

As indicated in FIG. 9, the decoupling of the potential from the floating gate electrode can be implemented by an annular electrode entirely surrounding the floating gate. FIG. 9 provides a top view of a chip, wherein a field-effect transistor is mounted to effect the readout, [along with]¹ a raised gate, and an electrode for capacitatively tapping the potential at the centrally positioned floating gate.

The electronics required for the elimination of the parasitic components can be advantageously integrated as an integrated circuit into the Si chip which contains the FET structure. 

1. A method of effecting a readout of a gas-sensitive field-effect transistor having an air gap between a gate electrode with a gas-sensitive layer and the readout transistor, in which a potential occurring on the gas-sensitive layer in the presence of a target gas is passed through a noncontacting floating gate electrode to the transistor, where the potential of a reference electrode, which together with the floating gate electrode generates a capacitance C_(w), is tracked to the potential of the floating gate electrode in order to reduce the capacitance C_(W) during the measurement.
 2. The method of claim 1, where the potential of the floating gate electrode is employed in electrically decoupled and amplified form to control the reference electrode/capacitance well (3).
 3. The method of claim 2, where the decoupling of the potential of the floating gate electrode (2) is effected from the floating gate electrode (2) and can be supplied to the amplifier.
 4. The method of claim 2, where the readout of the potential of the floating gate electrode is effected through an additional control electrode (11) in coupling connection with the floating gate electrode, which control electrode is connected to the amplifier.
 5. The method of claim 1, where the decoupling of the potential of the floating gate electrode (2) is passed from this electrode to the readout transistor (8), the output signal of which can be supplied to the amplifier, and in which the latter in turn controls the reference electrode (3).
 6. A gas-sensitive field-effect transistor (FET) having an air gap between a gate electrode with a gas-sensitive layer and the readout transistor, in which a potential occurring on the gas-sensitive layer in the presence of a target gas is passed through a noncontacting floating gate electrode to the transistor, where the potential of a reference electrode (3), which together with the floating gate electrode (2) forms a capacitance C_(W) to which the potential of the floating gate electrode can be tracked in order to reduce the capacitance C_(W), whereby a signal corresponding to the potential of the floating gate electrode can be supplied in amplified form to the reference electrode.
 7. The gas-sensitive field-effect transistor (FET) of claim 6, where an electronic circuit to reduce parasitic components is integrated into an Si base of an FET chip.
 8. The gas-sensitive field-effect transistor (FET) of claims 6, where in order to reduce the interference effect of the capacitance between the reference electrode and the floating gate electrode, the potential of the floating gate electrode is electrically decoupled by a capacitor, can be supplied to an amplifier, and an amplified signal is applied to the reference electrode/capacitance well (3) in order to control the latter.
 9. The gas-sensitive field-effect transistor (FET) of claim 8, where in order to read out the potential of the floating gate electrode (2) an additional control electrode (11) in coupling connection with the floating gate electrode is provided, the potential decoupled from the floating gate electrode can be supplied to an amplifier (4), and an amplified signal is applied to the reference electrode/capacitance well (3) in order to control the latter.
 10. The gas-sensitive field-effect transistor (FET) of claims 6, where the potential tapped from the floating gate electrode (2) is applied from this electrode to the readout transistor (8), the output signal of which can be supplied to the amplifier, and the correspondingly amplified signal is in turn applied to the reference electrode (3). 